Fall of Usher :: essays research papers

"The Fall of the House of demonstrate" Summary The narrator approaches the House of Usher on a "dull, dark, and soundless day." This house--the estate of his boyhood friend, Roderick Usher--is in truth gloomy and mysterious. The narrator writes that the house seems to have collected an evil and complaintd atmosphere from the decaying trees and murky ponds around it. He notes, however, that although the house itself is decaying in pieces (for example, individual stones ar disintegrating), the structure itself is fairly solid. There is only a small break in the front of the building from the roof to the ground. The narrator reveals that he is to stay in this house because his friend, Roderick, sent him a letter earnestly requesting his company. Roderick told the narrator in this letter that he was feeling bodily and emotionally ill, so the narrator go to his house. The narrator also mentions that the Usher family, while an ancient clan, never flourished. Only one m ember of the Usher family survived from generation to generation, so they were all in a direct line of descent without any siblings.The inside of the house is just as spooky as the outside. The narrator makes his way through the long passages and to the way where Roderick is waiting. The narrator notes that his friend is paler and less energetic than he once was. Roderick tells the narrator that he suffers from nerves and fear. His senses are heightened. The narrator also notes that Roderick seems afraid of his own house. Further, Rodericks sister, Madeline Usher has taken ill with a mysterious illness that the doctors cannot even identify. The narrator proceeds to spend several days trying to cheer Roderick. He listens to Roderick be given the guitar (and makes up words for his songs), he reads to Roderick, he sits with him for hours. Still, he cannot lift his sadness. Soon Roderick posits his theory that the house is unhealthy, just as the narrator had supposed at the start out of the story.Soon, Madeline dies, and Roderick decides to bury her temporarily in the tombs below the house. He wants to do this because he is afraid that the doctors might dig up her body for scientific examination (since her disease was so strange to them). The narrator helps Roderick put the body in the tomb. He notes that she has rosy cheeks, as some do after death.

Drugs: How Danagerous Is It? Essay -- essays research papers

Drugs How Danagerous Is It?Drugs have infiltrated our cities, our towns and our lives. Though a smallpercentage of population use drugs, they do attempt to spread their plague among new(prenominal)s. But, how dangerous are these mind suppressors? Do they kill like thestatistics show, or is it a coverup to stop pack from having a good time?Even in Franklin County, there are drugs. How bad is the problem? It is worsethen most people think, exclusively what back tooth we do about it? Can we do anything aboutit?Marijuana is the drug of choice among most addicts. It is provided cheapand is easily available. Overdosing it on this drug is not possible, or atleast dying of an overdose, thus making it seem safe. The high is described asa rush of calmness and relaxation. plenty under the solve feel relaxed andas if their problems are gone. The most common order of doing this drug issmoking it. The leafy plant is dried and smoked in a joint, or a rolledcigarette with a paper mouth piece . It can also be smoked in a bong, or pipe.Another method is eating the leaves of the plant. They must be cooked in more or lesssort of fat. Marijuana is fat soluble, and for the reason, must be cooked inbutter, lard, milk, or other substance. A new(a) method is being tested. Itincludes "baking" the marijuana under a flame without burning it. It is nearlythe same as smoking it, but there is no smoke, which may limit the chance oflung cancer. Yet is this drug safe? No. The short term effects, besides thecalmness are the following temporary repositing loss, rapid heart beat, anddizziness. The long term effects include the following Lung cancer, heartproblems, and immune system disorders. The equivalent of one joint is fourcigarettes, or ten seconds of car exhaust. No one sees the dangers of this drug,and they usually do not care about them, making it even more dangerous.LSD, or acid, is a unreal drug that was originally found on the skin ofa mushroom. This is considered a psychedelic drug. It is very cheap, usually$4 - $5 a slick. A trip usually consists of 500-600 "mics" of acid. It can bemade from morning glory, wood petroleum and other chemicals. The high is veryinteresting. It is described as non-real. It brings reality and imaginationin concert in a utopia of relaxation. This may sound good, but people tripping onacid do not realized what they are doing and could j... .... This drug isby far the most dangerous of the popular drugs. They often link it to violenceand gangs.The drug problem in Franklin County isnt as large as in cities, but isexistent. People use drugs, mainly because of peer pressure. Most people wouldnot agree with this, but it is true. Ignorance is a major player in the drugproblem. People dont realize HOW dangerous it is. If all people understoodthe information in this report, the problem could go decrease. It was statedthat if marijuana was legalized, the drug problem would cease. This does havesome truth to it, but most people say that marijuana leads to other drugs, butstudies show that approximately 5% of people who attack marijuana try other drugs.Marijuana does not lead to other drugs. However, this does not nullify the factthat marijuana kills people. It does it with the same potency of cigarettes.This is due to the fact that people do not smoke 40 joints a day, like somecigarette smokers, they smoke about two joints a week. But, there is not excusefor other "hard drugs" like LSD, heroin and cocaine. People need to learn whatthey are doing to themselves that is the key to solving the drug problem.

Louis de Bernières Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Essays -- Bernier

Louis de Bernires Novel Captain Corellis MandolinAlready from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of themost important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There ar several(prenominal)factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The mostimportant ones are language (including the narrative style) andclassical allusions.The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a brood ofmedical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educatedman and that probably most of the people on the island respect him dueto this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we start turn out that helikes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. Forexample in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that thecause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as an exorbitantauditory impediment-this helps the doctor to create some mysteryaround his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a more kindle somebody in the eyes of Stamatis a nd his wife. Dr. Iannis isconscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, andfully aware that a pea in the ear was unlikely to fill him any(prenominal)kudos, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very wellthe mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him tosay.The other factor that plays an important fictional character in introducing thischaracter is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses isvery formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to hispatients, because he realizes that there is a divagation in the midst of them,especially due to the education level. At the same time the style oflanguage that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from thedoctors. For exam... ...or little rimed and detached, however when he comes back homewe are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a lovingfather, who, redden if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter,still cannot be irritated by her fo r too long. the goat is genial ofyou.- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated. he loves hisdaughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well.As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allowhim to present the character to us the best way possible. He shinesthe lightsomeness on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mind or so his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not scarcespecialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of hisisland. His activities and his personality attract the readers as theylearn more about his character, which makes them fond of him. Louis de Bernires Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Essays -- BernierLouis de Bernires Novel Captain Corellis MandolinAlready from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of themost important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are severalfactors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The mostimportant ones are lang uage (including the narrative style) andclassical allusions.The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot ofmedical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educatedman and that probably most of the people on the island respect him dueto this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we find out that helikes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. Forexample in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that thecause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as an exorbitantauditory impediment-this helps the doctor to create some mysteryaround his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a moreinteresting person in the eyes of Stamatis and his wife. Dr. Iannis isconscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, andfully aware that a pea in the ear was unlikely to get him anykudos, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very wellthe mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him tosay.The o ther factor that plays an important role in introducing thischaracter is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses isvery formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to hispatients, because he realizes that there is a difference between them,especially due to the education level. At the same time the style oflanguage that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from thedoctors. For exam... ...or less cold and detached, however when he comes back homewe are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a lovingfather, who, even if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter,still cannot be irritated by her for too long. the goat is fond ofyou.- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated. he loves hisdaughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well.As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allowhim to present the character to us the best way possible. He shinesthe light on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mindabout his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not onlyspecialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of hisisland. His activities and his personality attract the readers as theylearn more about his character, which makes them fond of him.

Ethical Dilemma Essays -- Health Care, Nurses

The both article of faiths that are in focus are bounty and nonmaleficence. Both beneficence and nonmaleficence have play a fundamental historical role in medical ethics (Beauchamp & Childress, 2009). Nonmaleficence is often paired with beneficence, but there is a difference between these two principles (Rich, 2008). According to Beauchamp and Childress (2009) conflating beneficence and nonmaleficence into a single principle obscures important distinctions. In addition, both of these good principles beneficence and nonmaleficence are strengthened by state nursing practice acts, which mandate that nurses are legally obligated to safeguard patients and the profession (Bjarnason & LaSala, 2011). Furthermore, it is with great purpose that we discuss the two principles beneficence and nonmalficence and their importance to the nursing profession.The principle of beneficence is concerned with a moral obligation to act for the benefits of some others (Kennedy, 2004). Additionally , beneficence is the principle consisting of deeds such as mercy, kindness, and charity (Rich, 2008). There are other forms of beneficence including altruism, love, and humanity (Beauchamp & Childress, 2009). We use beneficence in order to cover beneficent actions more broadly, so that it includes all forms of action to benefit other persons (Beauchamp & Childress, 2009). Overall, beneficence implies that an individual takes action to do good by benefiting others and facilitating their well-being. Beneficence also requires that benefits are balanced against risks and costs (Kennedy, 2004). In order for a person to do good, they must also consider the values of individual in question (Bjarnason & LaSala, 2011). Health care professionals have a duty t... ...ey encounter an ethical dilemma (Rich, 2008).Nurses can also periodically be called to an ethics committee to consult to gain access to needed help to resolve ethical dilemmas. component part on an ethics committee with oth er disciplines and discussing the ethical dilemmas brought before the committee can be an informing and challenging process for a nurse (Lachman, 2010). Furthermore, the chance to help patients, staff, and families resolve these dilemmas is professionally rewarding for a nurse (Lachman, 2010).Overall, ethical dilemmas are faced every day in the clinical practice of nurses. When lining an ethical dilemma, remembering to preserve the patients autonomy, dignity and rights is an important part of ethically solving the dilemma. However, if the ethical dilemma cannot be resolved nurses have the right to anticipate advice from other professionals.

Personal Narrative †Complications of Becoming a Woman Essay -- Person

Personal Narrative Complications of Becoming a Woman My m other(a) never told me the complications of becoming a woman in this world. perchance she thought I was strong enough to figure them out on my own. Or quite possibly, she couldnt tell me, because she never re entirelyy knew how to face the complications herself.She never told me how to cut down a certain way in order to keep up with the latest fashions. She never told me how to wear my hair in a way that the other girls wouldnt make fun of me for. She never flat told me how to apply makeup to my adolescent face. I dont think she ever knew how to put it on herself. My mother was always a simple woman. A brush of mascara, a touch of the gloss, and she was done.My mother never told me that being in love does non mean sitting by the son of your dreams at a high school football game every Friday night. And that the boy of your dreams never really remains the boy of your dreams unless, of course, you dont know any better. How w as I supposed to know?She also never said that I would fall in love over and over again until I met the right one. And when I met the one, chances are he wouldnt be it, and I would have to go through the whole process again. Mother never told me the process would take weeks, months, or even years. She never told me this would be painful. Because if I knew that falling in love would eventually hurt so much, I would have probably tried at all costs to avoid the pain. It never brought me strength, but has formed a callus around my heart.You know this story just as well as I do. I am sure it has happened to you. The characters might have different names, and the setting most likely took place somewhere else, but in the end, its all compulsive by ... ...etween true love and the need to be loved. I needed to be loved. I needed to feel loved, so I stuck with him until I complete what I was doing. I had never truly loved him. He was only satisfying my need for security and hope. Once he f ailed to do this, our relationship could not survive.After the relationship ended, it took me a while to learn to trust again. I found it much easier to trust no one than to fail by bank the wrong person. Over time, I realized I wasnt being fair to myself. I would have to learn to trust in order to let community back into my life. How else was I to chance upon the one?My mother never told me the complications of becoming a woman in this world. She never told me that its not necessarily important to find the one true love in your life. She didnt tell me about the longing, the grieving, or the pain. She didnt have to, I guess.

Personal Narrative †Complications of Becoming a Woman Essay -- Person

Personal Narrative Complications of Becoming a Woman My mother neer told me the complications of becoming a woman in this world. Maybe she legal opinion I was strong enough to figure them out on my own. Or quite possibly, she couldnt tell me, because she never really knew how to face the complications herself.She never told me how to dress a certain way in order to keep up with the latest fashions. She never told me how to wear my hair in a way that the other girls wouldnt coerce fun of me for. She never even told me how to apply makeup to my adolescent face. I dont think she ever knew how to put it on herself. My mother was always a open woman. A brush of mascara, a touch of the gloss, and she was d iodin.My mother never told me that being in love does not mean sitting by the boy of your dreams at a high school football game every Friday night. And that the boy of your dreams never really remains the boy of your dreams unless, of course, you dont know any better. How was I man tic to know?She also never said that I would fall in love over and over again until I met the right one. And when I met the one, chances argon he wouldnt be it, and I would have to go through the whole process again. Mother never told me the process would take weeks, months, or even years. She never told me this would be painful. Because if I knew that falling in love would eventually hurt so much, I would have probably tried at all cost to avoid the pain. It never brought me strength, but has formed a callus around my heart.You know this story just as well as I do. I am sure it has happened to you. The characters might have different names, and the setting most likely took place somewhere else, but in the end, its all driven by ... ...etween true love and the need to be loved. I needed to be loved. I needed to feel loved, so I stuck with him until I realized what I was doing. I had never truly loved him. He was only satisfying my need for security and hope. Once he failed to do th is, our relationship could not survive. later on the relationship ended, it took me a while to learn to trust again. I found it much easier to trust no one than to fail by trusting the vituperate person. Over time, I realized I wasnt being fair to myself. I would have to learn to trust in order to let people cover into my life. How else was I to find the one?My mother never told me the complications of becoming a woman in this world. She never told me that its not necessarily important to find the one true love in your life. She didnt tell me about the longing, the grieving, or the pain. She didnt have to, I guess.

Hr Job Analysis

Introduction lineage synopsis is the process of describing and recording aspects of credit lines and specifying the skills and separate requirements necessary to perform the reflect. The primary(prenominal) purposes of conducting argumentation analysis are to prepare put-on description and job specification which in deform helps to hire the even up quality of sketch force into the fundamental law at right place and with the right skills. military control description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. In the fields of Human Resource (HR), job analysis is often mapd to gather information for use in personnel selection, training, classification, and compensation and salary.There are several(prenominal) ways to conduct a job analysis, including interviews with incumbents and supervisors, group interviews, questionnaires (structured, open- ended, or both), observation, diary method and gathering background information such as duty statements or classification specifications. Yet it none of the methods potnister give 100% perfect results hence in job analysis conducted by HR professionals, it is common to use more than one of these methods or a combination of these methods. For example, the job analysts may tour the jobsite and observe cogitationers performing their jobs.During the tour the analyst may collect materials that presently or indirectly indicate unavoidable skills (duty statements, instructions, safety manuals, quality charts, etc. ). The analyst may then meet with a group of workers or incumbents. And finally, a survey may be administered. In these cases, job analysts typically are industrial/ validational psychologists or Human Resource Officers who have been trained. The job analysis that i conducted is the interview method. Here is a brief introduction of the organization and the incumbent interviewed for job analysis. associate pious platitude trammelAllied bank is one of the biggest banks of P akistan. It is an old organization which was formed before partition in 1942. It was the first Muslim Bank Established in Pakistani territory before Partition (1942) with the name of Australasia Bank. It was named as Allied Bank of Pakistan from Australasia Bank Limited in 1974, and Sarhad Bank Ltd, Lahore Commercial Bank Ltd and Pak Bank Ltd were also merged in it. In August 2004 the Bank was restructured and the ownership was transferred to Ibrahim Group. Currently, it has 800 online branches with a total of 12000 work forces in Pakistan.Introduction of interviewee The incumbent interviewed for the purpose of job analysis is Shahid Rafique. He works regional Corporate Office Allied Bank Limited 7-E/3 principal(prenominal) Boulevard, Gulberg-3 Lahore. Email ID emailprotected com Job description Organization name Allied Bank Limited Job Title leg manager Reports to Regional home office/Regional manager Supervises All the departments of the branch Functions Manages and administers operations of the branch Duties and responsibilities * Plan and direct the branch operations and administer the working of the whole branch. Supervise the human alternative of its own branch department wise. * Marketing of the bank which includes achieving the deposit targets assigned to the branch. Attending meetings for the marketing and making genuine the targets are achieved within the given time. * permit a superior level of customer relations and promote the sales and service culture. * Coordinating with regional headquarters for getting updated with the organizational goals and objectives and also let all the employees of the branch wellspring aware of the goals and objectives of the organization. Making sure that employees working under his/her supervision are well motivated and maintained properly. * Evaluate the process of the employees working under his/her supervision. * Reporting about all the duties and responsibilities to the Regional motorbus. Job specificati on * 16 years of education, reduces degree or equivalent. * preferent field of study is MBA Marketing. * At least 5 years of experience in banking or any monetary organization including marketing experience as well. * Minimum age limit is 25 years. * A adept manger should have * Marketing skills Communication skills * lively thinking * Should be a equitable headhunter (in context with customer behaviour and Psyche). Job evaluation severalise manager is a very key designation to the organization. A Branch Manager is a very much skilled and experienced worker who is much aware of the organizational goals and objectives and coordinates those goals and objectives to the employees working in his/her supervision. The salary range for a Branch Manager should be from 70,000 to 90,000. The job is evaluated through two types of reports Annual performance report. * Annual confidential. Comments from the incumbent for job evaluation Any incumbent can be evaluated so that the incumbent is also satisfied of the annual reports is to ask him/her to write the APR for his/herself and then supervisor should evaluate the APR. decision The conclusion of the whole discussion is that the main purpose of conducting a job analysis is to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of work force into the organization at right place and with the right skills.Job description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. This information is used to design impressive job. To design effective job we should keep balance between efficiency and behavioural elements. Efficiency element emphasizes productiveness and behavioural element focus on employee needs. In my job analysis a branch manager is a adder of the branch. Person working as a branch manager should be bold enough to lead a team of 20 or more. He/she should be a beneficial marketer and a good psychiatrist so that he/she can understand the mind set of t he customers.A Branch Manager should have good conference skills to tackle different situations and can cut through contingency plans. Fair salary and compensation and other benefit should be given to the manger to keep balance. Job analysis is very important and a very complicated process. Yet there are some limitations of job analysis for example a Job descriptions may not be adapted for some senior managers as they should have the freedom to take the initiative and find fruitful new directions.Job descriptions may be too inflexible in a rapidly changing organization, for instance in an area subject to rapid technological change. Other changes in job content may lead to the job description being out of date. The process that an organization uses to create job descriptions may not be optimal. There is no method for it which can give perfect results but through combination of methods and careful analysis one can have good results . Experience is needed for analysing jobs.Hr Job A nalysisIntroduction Job analysis is the process of describing and recording aspects of jobs and specifying the skills and other requirements necessary to perform the job. The main purposes of conducting job analysis are to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of work force into the organization at right place and with the right skills. Job description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. In the fields of Human Resource (HR), job analysis is often used to gather information for use in personnel selection, training, classification, and compensation and salary.There are several ways to conduct a job analysis, including interviews with incumbents and supervisors, group interviews, questionnaires (structured, open- ended, or both), observation, diary method and gathering background information such as duty statements or classification specifications. Yet it none of the methods can give 100% perfect resu lts hence in job analysis conducted by HR professionals, it is common to use more than one of these methods or a combination of these methods. For example, the job analysts may tour the jobsite and observe workers performing their jobs.During the tour the analyst may collect materials that directly or indirectly indicate required skills (duty statements, instructions, safety manuals, quality charts, etc. ). The analyst may then meet with a group of workers or incumbents. And finally, a survey may be administered. In these cases, job analysts typically are industrial/organizational psychologists or Human Resource Officers who have been trained. The job analysis that i conducted is the interview method. Here is a brief introduction of the organization and the incumbent interviewed for job analysis. Allied Bank LimitedAllied bank is one of the biggest banks of Pakistan. It is an old organization which was formed before partition in 1942. It was the first Muslim Bank Established in Paki stani territory before Partition (1942) with the name of Australasia Bank. It was named as Allied Bank of Pakistan from Australasia Bank Limited in 1974, and Sarhad Bank Ltd, Lahore Commercial Bank Ltd and Pak Bank Ltd were also merged in it. In August 2004 the Bank was restructured and the ownership was transferred to Ibrahim Group. Currently, it has 800 online branches with a total of 12000 work forces in Pakistan.Introduction of interviewee The incumbent interviewed for the purpose of job analysis is Shahid Rafique. He works Regional Corporate Office Allied Bank Limited 7-E/3 Main Boulevard, Gulberg-3 Lahore. Email ID emailprotected com Job description Organization name Allied Bank Limited Job Title Branch manager Reports to Regional headquarters/Regional manager Supervises All the departments of the branch Functions Manages and administers operations of the branch Duties and responsibilities * Plan and direct the branch operations and administer the working of the whole branch. Supervise the human resource of its own branch department wise. * Marketing of the bank which includes achieving the deposit targets assigned to the branch. Attending meetings for the marketing and making sure the targets are achieved within the given time. * Provide a superior level of customer relations and promote the sales and service culture. * Coordinating with regional headquarters for getting updated with the organizational goals and objectives and also let all the employees of the branch well aware of the goals and objectives of the organization. Making sure that employees working under his/her supervision are well motivated and maintained properly. * Evaluate the performance of the employees working under his/her supervision. * Reporting about all the duties and responsibilities to the Regional Manager. Job specification * 16 years of education, Masters degree or equivalent. * Preferred field of study is MBA Marketing. * At least 5 years of experience in banking or any fin ancial organization including marketing experience as well. * Minimum age limit is 25 years. * A good manger should have * Marketing skills Communication skills * Critical thinking * Should be a good psychiatrist (in context with customer behaviour and Psyche). Job evaluation Branch manager is a very important designation to the organization. A Branch Manager is a very much skilled and experienced worker who is much aware of the organizational goals and objectives and coordinates those goals and objectives to the employees working in his/her supervision. The salary range for a Branch Manager should be from 70,000 to 90,000. The job is evaluated through two types of reports Annual performance report. * Annual confidential. Comments from the incumbent for job evaluation Any incumbent can be evaluated so that the incumbent is also satisfied of the annual reports is to ask him/her to write the APR for his/herself and then supervisor should evaluate the APR. Conclusion The conclusion of the whole discussion is that the main purpose of conducting a job analysis is to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of work force into the organization at right place and with the right skills.Job description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. This information is used to design effective job. To design effective job we should keep balance between efficiency and behavioural elements. Efficiency element emphasizes productivity and behavioural element focus on employee needs. In my job analysis a branch manager is a leader of the branch. Person working as a branch manager should be bold enough to lead a team of 20 or more. He/she should be a good marketer and a good psychiatrist so that he/she can understand the mind set of the customers.A Branch Manager should have good communication skills to tackle different situations and can handle contingency plans. Fair salary and compensation and other ben efit should be given to the manger to keep balance. Job analysis is very important and a very complicated process. Yet there are some limitations of job analysis for example a Job descriptions may not be suitable for some senior managers as they should have the freedom to take the initiative and find fruitful new directions.Job descriptions may be too inflexible in a rapidly changing organization, for instance in an area subject to rapid technological change. Other changes in job content may lead to the job description being out of date. The process that an organization uses to create job descriptions may not be optimal. There is no method for it which can give perfect results but through combination of methods and careful analysis one can have good results . Experience is needed for analysing jobs.

Whay Is There a Lack of Active Teacher Participation in Curriculum Development

Why is thither a privation of active instructor come a society in class victimization? ED359 RESEARCH PROJECT Dharmendra . P. Sharma S99007424 Introduction and ground In Fiji and in mevery Pacific Island countries there is a serious privation of active heargonr participation in the class study and effectuation process. While there atomic number 18 both(prenominal) practicing teachers who write the course in certain subject areas they are merely excluded from the finding making process regarding what is to be taught in trains and how it is taught. computer programme knowledge is considered a dynamic process and programme commode be constructed through the work of the main s beat backholders who are the teachers. However in just ab push through Pacific Island countries this may not be the slip of paper as the political program is some quantify referred to as a Teacher cogent evidence and ready to teach syllabus meaning that they do not have the liberty to choose from and modify certain aspects of the real minded(p) to better suit the classroom situation.From most of the enquiry conducted in the past three decades it is clearly identified there is a serious concern regarding their involvement in setting the objectives, determining the precept / cultivation approaches and the evaluation process . These aspects are largely taken care off by the Curriculum organic evolution Unit. AimWith this is mind the aim of this look project is to wonder the causas for the lack of active teacher participation in curriculum using and in any chance to investigate strategies that would encourage more participation in every train of the decision making process when it comes to the discipline and implementation of curriculum in this country. After all teachers play a pivotal role in implementing the curriculum. At present the development and implementation are carried bug out by two different sets of people.The main investigate question thusl y is why there is a lack of active teacher participation in curriculum development. This inquiry project is justified as curriculum development is a universal abbreviate and is of major importance in the pacific region as we try and adopt a curriculum which is suitable and relevant. The focus and the limitations The focus is mainly on the curriculum practices in Fiji with a few examples from around the region and some developed countries such as Australia and the United States. This set ups a basis for comparison with the fill outs that we are facing.Studies from developed countries are also important in the sense that teachers in these countries have the liberty to choose from a given curriculum to be utilize in the classroom. The main limitation of this research project is that curriculum transfer is a long term process and with the ongoing research in the areas of curriculum development there are many questions that are still unanswered. With the limited time and resources it may be difficult to look into all the areas of curriculum development. another(prenominal) limitation for this project is in regards to the Data collection.Getting stances from all the Heads Of departments who are currently tangled in curriculum development exit not be mathematical as a result of time and financial constraints. Delimitations The study is delimited to Heads of Departments, Teachers with at least 5 historic period experience, Senior C. D. U officials and Principals of secondary tutors. The research question The Main research question for this project is Why is there a lack of active teacher Participation in Curriculum instruction? Since this is a sensitive issue in Pacific genteelness there are some prominent Pacific Academics Who have already looked into this Problem .Some of the issues that are highlighted in most of the available literature can be clearly divided into the following subtopics. Inadequate Training, The lack of Incentives, The role of princ ipals and administrators, the role of the CDU and the school found curriculum development and the ten percent impersonate. Literature review Inadequate culture The articles denominate out that most teachers are not taking part actively in curriculum development beca determination they lack skills in that area. According to (Sharma) Teachers at times lack the necessary skills to take part in the curriculum development process.This is regarded as a major limitation in the area of School Based Curriculum Development which is applicable to Fiji. (Sharma, pp 5-8). In the case of Kiribati the case is more extreme as teachers in the demesne lack the basic teacher education in the frontmost place. Tearo mentions that many of the teachers who remain in the teaching profession have no formal teacher training at all (Tearo,pp-9-11). This brings us directly to the issue of Teacher training. There is a get hold of for relevant programs in the teacher training courses to deal with the issu e of curriculum development and implementation. Thaman 1990) highlights the fact that the teacher education programs have not prepared the teachers for this cutting role therefore they lack the necessary skills to actively take part . (Thaman 1990,pp 1-12) In the past teachers did not require teacher training in determine to be posted to schools . This has a negative impact on the students educational achievements . Without this basic training in place curriculum development is definitely out of the question for most of the teachers. The lack of financial incentives A major issue while dealing with teacher participation in curriculum development is the issue of the remuneration.Most of the articles highlight the fact that the financial incentives provided are not attractive enough for the teachers. This scenario is directly related to the fact that the CDU lacks financial resources to adequately reward the teachers who at times have to spend the school holidays developing curricul um. In his report to the Fiji Islands learning Panel ( Sharma2001)clearly recommends the need for an increase in funding and resources that is allocated to the CDU in order to forgo the Unit to play a more effective role in providing school based assistance to teachers. Sharma2001). (Young 1988) also highlights the drink of teachers In Canada where they felt that they were not adequately compensated for the time they spent in curriculum development activities. (Young 1988,pp109-121). In an invited plenary paper, presented at a regional conference in 1990 Thaman mentions that the teachers lack the professional and material support to be effectively involved in curriculum development process (Thaman 1990, pp1-12). The role of the Principal and administrators Another important reason that affects the degree of teacher participation in urriculum development is the role of the school principals. When the teachers have a favorable environment in school there is the gap that their part icipation rates will increase . These accepts the introduction of staff development programs. The Principals play an important role as according to (Sharma) they can help the teachers change their attitude towards curriculum and also their profession in general. This is also a recommendation that was made to the education Panel in 2000(Sharma).There is also a quarrel here for the teachers as at times the principals and administrators do not fully realize the important role teachers can play in curriculum development and they seem to adopt a narrow minded approach towards the role of the teachers . They do not allow them to act in curriculum activities outside the school and also giving little recognition to the work of the teachers. Young 1988 clearly identifies the problem as ion her paper she highlights one of the critical findings.The administrators had a narrow view on the role of the teachers and the teachers received little recognition as well as the principals negative res ponse to the release required by b the teachers to take part in curriculum development activities which at times required a two day release. (Young 1988,pp109-121). The Role of the CDU The Curriculum development Unit also plays an important role in encouraging a higher degree of teacher participation in Curriculum development.Although some teachers are involved in designing the curriculum they have little role to play when it comes to the decision making process on what is to be sent to schools as prescriptions. According to (Sharma 2001) some teachers expressed their concerns on the educational value of many curriculum materials sent to schools. (Sharma 2001). This is one of the reasons teachers do not feel like alive(p) in Curriculum development activities as the prescriptions given by the CDU are making the teachers more passive and de-skilled.This leads to a more laid back approach and decreases the teachers desire to participate in curriculum development programs. School Based Curriculum development and The Ten percent model School, based curriculum development is also an endeavour which will widely increase the rate of teacher participation. This is a move away from the more centralized models of development such as system and school based models. The teachers role in the curriculum development process cannot be overemphasized .The teachers can tasked with 10% of the over curriculum enabling them to work in areas of curriculum development in which they have most interest in. With this the teachers should be given more responsibility to develop curriculum at the school level. The curriculum can then be developed by the teachers themselves or in partnership with the parents and the communities. (Garret R. M 1990). Sharma also emphasizes the importance of school based curriculum development as teachers can be given the task of preparing curriculum for non-examination based subjects such as music and art& craft. Sharma) The school based approach and the 10 % model are effective tools as they can boost the morale of the teachers and encourage them to be involved actively in the curriculum development process. These are the factors that are responsible for the low degree of teacher participation in curriculum development. Improvements in these areas are required in achieving an education system which will include teachers more actively in the curriculum development. Methodology Project Design The research method for this project is that of a Qualitative nature.The design is that of a case study . This research method and design are most suitable for this particular research project as there are multiple possibilities or outcomes possible for the research question. An Inductive nature of reasoning is synonymous with qualitative studies Samples are taken from populations to draw conclusions for the whole population. (Leedy&Omrod 2010). In this project interviews with teachers will provide a basis for drawing conclusions for teachers in ge neral in regards to their response to the research question.Case studies are useful in evaluating any educational approach which in this case is Curriculum Development. Sample & Population This study is aimed at the teachers who play the most important role in curriculum development and design as they are the implementers of curriculum themselves. CDU officials and Principals of Secondary Schools will also be aimed in this study as the secondary targets to clarify some of the issues raised in this research project. Data Collection and Analysis Data will be collected mainly in the form of interviews.For this purpose a recording device will be utilise as well as notes taken alongside. For the interviews prior arrangements will be made with the respectable institutions. Consent forms will be utilized for this exercise . The interviews will include open ended questions. The selective information collected from these interviews will then be organized thematically. Some of procedures uti lized in organizing and analyzing selective information will be followed. This will include open coding, Axial coding, Selective coding, finding patterns and determining categories Results (Research findings)/DiscussionsThe teachers perspective on curriculum development From the several teachers who were interviewed and from the general talanoa sessions the data collected were assigned descriptive codes and the relationship s were utilize to determine common themes. This was an essential step to be used in presenting the research findings. From the interview with the several teachers from schools around the Suva area, the following categories were present after analyzing the data. * Experience/Inadequate training * Workload * Financial incentives * Teacher proof curriculum * External factors Experience/Inadequate trainingMajority of the teachers who were interviewed mentioned that they felt that more experience was required to take part in curriculum development activities . The no rmal plectrum criteria as mentioned by a senior education official in the C. D. U requires a teacher to have at least five years experience as well as to be the Head Of Department in that subject of interest to be considered by the C. D. U. The teachers also mentioned that being involved in Curriculum development was a task too difficult for them as they had taught that particular subject for only a certain number of years.A teacher who had 17 years of work experience admitted that she felt at ease while working as a curriculum developer and was never under any real pressure. Another interesting focalise mentioned was that most of the teachers did not undergo proper training in order to fully understand the importance of curriculum work in their teacher education programs. This as mentioned by some of the teachers was one of the major reasons for them lacking the general interest to take part on the curriculum development process. This goes well in line with the Research findings of Akhilanand Sharma.Where he mentions that Teachers may lack the necessary skills to take part in the curriculum development process. This is regarded as a major limitation in the area of School Based Curriculum Development which is applicable to Fiji. (Sharma, pp 5-8). This clearly shows that if the teachers do not look at the necessary skills, this becomes a limiting factor in their participation in curriculum development activities Workload Another area of concern for the teachers was the immense work load that they had as compared to the yesteryears . ith the introduction of the classroom based assessment and internal assessment there was more work for the teachers. Upon invitation by the C. D. U the teachers sometimes had to think twice as participation in curriculum workshops meant playing catch up later which can be a daunting task . This was one of the reasons given for not being actively involved in curriculum work. Young 1988 mentions that her study of teachers involve d in curriculum work the teachers found little point in taking part when the materials produced were not necessarily used and on top of that it added to an n already heavy teaching load. Young 1988, pp119) Although this particular research was carried out in Canada from the informal conversations with the teachers there was a always a mention of the extra workload. Financial incentives Although the teachers knew that it was important to contribute towards curriculum development bulk felt that there was a general lack in financial incentives. Although amounts were not disclosed some teachers felt that that were not receiving the correct financial requital for their time spent in developing curriculum.An interesting comment was made by one of the teachers as she mentioned that if curriculum review work was being funded by AID Organizations such as Aus Aid then the financial rewards were way better off than compared to being involved in curriculum activities with the local government . Thaman 1988 highlighted the plight for teachers as she mentioned that financial assistance to teachers in the form of allowances was merely enough to compensate the teachers for their time and effort and was minimal when compared to the huge amounts spent on overseas consultants. (Thaman 1988, pp4). This is certainly an area that needs to be looked into.However this depend on the current political and economic climate of the country implicated and also the policies that are in place in regards to financing curriculum development work. Teacher proof curriculum Most teachers believed that the C. D. U was providing prescriptions with largely ready to teach material and therefore the teaching becomes passive and the teachers are not challenged enough. Majority of the participants believed tha5t they were comfortable with this particular approach while come voiced their concerned as ready to teach materials were undermining the professional capabilities of the teachers.This seriously highlights the need to adopt the school based curriculum development model as mentioned by Sharma, where teachers select from whatever curriculum material is available and develop them for further use in the classrooms (Sharma). External factors There were other factors which were mentioned by the Heads of Departments . These included factors such as family commitment, the attitude of the principals towards their participation in curriculum activities. Some teachers mentioned that the principals at times had a negative attitude towards them participating in curriculum development activities.The curriculum development Unit From the interviews carried out at the curriculum development the data gathered can be categorized in the following areas * The actual process * The attitude of teachers * Financial benefits * The credibility of the C. D. U officers The actual process A senior education officer explained that the actual process in curriculum development. The Heads of departments who are selected for curriculum activities were done through recommendation from the C. D. U officials who conducted curriculum workshops in various schools.Upon selection the participants were trained in their respective areas. An interesting point to note here is that there are different groups assigned to the different tasks involved in the curriculum development process. While one group wrote the curriculum another group carried out the vetting and alter . This was required to make improvements to the curriculum produced. It verified the context, avoided repetition of concepts from another subject area and generally raised the standard of the curriculum material produced. At the point where decisions are made by the C.D. U on what is to be taught in schools the representatives of the teachers are informed of the implementation. The senior education officer also mentioned that some teachers may not be aware of the curriculum changes if the representatives fail to pass on the mes sage to their colleagues. It is argued by Stenhouse 1975that prescriptions should be curriculum proposals that inform the teachers planning of the teaching and cultivation process rather than to determine the teachers plan of action. (Stenhouse 1975) The attitude of teachersAnother important point to mention that the C. D. U officials highlighted was that there were rare cases when the teachers rejected the contribute to participate in curriculum work. This was mainly because of the fear of participating in curriculum development activities which was considered to be a higher level playing field as compared to teaching in the classrooms. As a result of this certain teachers had declined the offer to contribute towards curriculum development in their subject areas. Financial benefits Upon oppugn the senior education officer agreed that financial ompensation may be a factor affecting certain teachers from participating in curriculum work. The Ministry Of Education has set aside a c ertain portion of their budget for curriculum development activities. The Officer mentioned that in certain cases the teachers who travelled from the rural areas had to file for claims on the expenses incurred and it would take some time before they received their claims. There were some cases where the claims filed were not received on time and these may be the teachers who felt that they were not being compensated properly.The teachers generally had become money minded and were not concerned about the important role they played in developing or reforming curriculum at the national level. The credibility of the C. D. U officers One of the major concerns that have been raised in many research papers is the creditability of the C. D. U officers in being part of the curriculum process. Upon questioning a senior education official mentioned that the selection criteria for the officials were very strict and personnel selected for positions within the department were passing qualified a nd carried the necessary experience.For example in senior positions most officials had more than a decade of experience. This is directly in line with the comments made regarding the department where Sharma 2001 mentioned that some C. D. U staff were not suitably qualified to develop and implement curriculum (Sharma p281) The Principals role in curriculum development. The principal plays an important role in facilitating active teacher participation in curriculum development. From the interviews conducted one very important theme can be derived. This includes Principals involvement in Curriculum developmentIt can be clearly identified that the principals are mostly willing to allow their teachers to participate in curriculum work. There was an exception barely if the C. D. U requested the help of the teachers at a busy time in the annual calendar. If the Principal felt that the teachers performance in school would be affected he or she would not allow the teacher to engage in curri culum work. All the principals interviewed shared the same opinion. Development programs were also in place in collaboration with the C. D.U to facilitate the training of teachers in the field of curriculum development . When posed with the question of their involvement in curriculum development, the principals mentioned that their first priority was the administrative affairs of the school simply meaning that curriculum development was not really a priority. As mentioned in a paper entitled Principal a s a curriculum facilitator Dr Sharma mentions that a contemporary secondary school principal is more involved in the administrative affairs of the school and as a result curriculum work is assigned top department heads .This has a major effect on the leadership and the supervisory role as a whole. (Sharma 1992, pp 18). One of the principals disagree with this notion stating that he was able to perform his duties as a leader by maintaining a balance between issues within the school a nd national issues such as curriculum work. Conclusion The research project makes an attempt to understand the reasons behind the lack of active teacher participation in curriculum development in the context of the Fiji Islands.The Research Question is to investigate the reasons for the lack of active teacher participation in curriculum development and also to investigate strategies that would encourage more participation in every level of the decision making process when it comes to the development and implementation of curriculum in Fiji. As a result of this the main target audience in the research includes the Heads of Departments who are actually involved in curriculum work at the ground level the secondary target audiences are the Curriculum Development unit staff and Principals from selected schools from the Greater Suva Area.The Method use for this research is the Qualitative approach as there are multiple possibilities and outcomes for the study. From the small scale researc h conducted it can be clearly identified that there may be several reasons why teachers may not be actively participating in curriculum development. From the Teachers perspective the reasons include the lack of training and inexperience, financial intensives and some external factors such as the role of the school, principals as they are the facilitators in encouraging active participation of teachers in curriculum development work.However from the information gathered at the C. D. U it can be stated that there may be some changes in the role that teachers play in the developing and implementing curriculum at the national level. Their role has become more active as they are being thoroughly consulted in all levels of the decision making process except the policy making of the Curriculum development Unit. As The research project was inspired by a paper pen in the year 2000 it can be seen that there have been major reforms when it comes to the teachers role in curriculum development. It must be famed that the Principals also play an important role in encouraging teachers to be part of the curriculum process . It can be clearly identified from the data collected that there are programs in place which are focused at the professional development of the teachers. The principals therefore are facilitating and providing an encouraging environment for the teachers so that they can become active participants in the curriculum, development process It can be stated that in the coming years there will be a greater participation from the teachers in the curriculum development process.This is mainly due to the changes that are visible at present. With teacher education programs emphasizing curriculum development and the changing roles of the school principals it can be said that the future is looking bright as far as curriculum development is concerned in Fiji. References 1. Garret. R. M. 1990. The introduction of a school based curriculum development in a centralized educa tion system A possible dust. In international Journal of educational Development,109(4)303-309. 2. Leedy. Paul D &Ormrod Jeanne E, 2010 Practical research, planning and design and design. Interenational Edition. New Jersey .Pearson educational Inc. 3. Sharma, Akhilanand. Teacher Participation in curriculum Development-The Fiji context. directions. . page. Web. 12 Aug. 2012. http//directions. usp. ac. fj/collect/direct/index/assoc/D1175398. dir/doc. pdf 4. Sharma, A. 2001. The National curriculum . In Learning together Directions for education in the Fiji Islands (Ministry of Education Report of the Fiji Islands Education Commission/Panel 2000 pp278-89). Suva, Fiji Government Printer. 5. Sharma, Akhilanand. The Principal as a curriculum facilitator. Directions. n. page. Web. 17 Aug. 2012. . 6. Stenhouse, L. 1975. An introduction to curriculum research and development, London Heinemann 7. The National curriculum . In learning together Directions for education in the Fiji Islands, Te waeariki. Strategies for optimizing the input of Teachers to Curriculum Development in Kiribati. Directions. n. page. Web. 17 Aug. 2012. . 8. Thaman, K. Helu. Towards a Culture Sensitive Model of Curriculum Development for Pacific Island Countries. Directions. n. page. Web. 16 Aug. 2012. . 9. Young, Jean. H. Teacher Participation on Curriculum Development What status does it have? 3. 2 (1988) 109-121. Web. 17 Aug. 2012 Appendices For this project both structured and ambiguous questions were utilized to gather the data required. For the teachers the questions mainly involved * Their involvement in the curriculum development process. * The quality of the materials produced at the C. D. U. * Whether the materials were teacher proof or not. * Their views on the reasons why they may not be actively participating in curriculum process if that is the case.For the C. D. U officers the questions involved * Explanations on the curriculum process. * Their views whether teachers were actively participating in The curriculum development process. * The selection criteria for the C. D. U officers For the principals the questions mainly involved * Their willingness to allow teachers to participate in curriculum activities. * Their involvement in Curriculum development. * The programs in the school that encourage professional development of the teachers. * Their views on the current state of affairs in regards to

Abuse of the Executive Powers of the President Essay

In the United States our death chair has many authoritys that atomic number 18 granted to him when they are selected into office. They have the ability to change the budget, to either cut back on spending, or implement new programs to help their citizens. They can veto a batting localise that they think is not ready to be made law yet and send it back to congress for further evaluation. They can appoint Supreme lawcourt Justices. They withal are the Commander in Chief of all U.S. armies, and they even have the index to send troops everyplace to foreign nations in generation of hostility in some circumstances. in that respect are many who retrieve that the creators of the president are somemultiplication ab phthisisd, especially as the Commander in Chief. thither have been several instances in our Nations history in which the President has been able to wiggle their way around the integral limitations that are granted of the Commander in Chief. Even though the preside nt is unable to actually declare war he can use his powers to advance a conflict.The member congressional fight bureaus, The Commander in Chief and Senator John Mccain describes how this is achieved by stating Technically only congress has the power to declare war but the President can act unilaterally to repel sudden attacks made on U.S. Soil (Bowling, 2008, p. 1). Presidents use these decision demonstrater powers to engage in a conflict that they believe needs to be settled in times of crisis. The Constitution has a establishment within-it that tries to grant separate but equal powers to all branches of disposal called checks and balances.Although this system of checks and balances is supposed to be followed, there are slipway which certain branches of government can gain more power than others. Often the President is the single who abuses the system, and uses their executive powers for their own advantages. These powers granted to the President have been abused more an d more through bulge out our Nations recent history and it needs to be particular(a) to make sure that the leader of the United States is devising decisions which are best for his citizens.Literature ReviewIn the agree Executive privilege, Presidential baron, secrecy and right Mark Rozel defines executive privilege and how it has been implemented over time. He focuses on several cases where executive privilege has been abused including the Nixon, George W. bush-league, and Clinton administrations. He brings insight on how they besidesk the power too far andhow the country felt about their actions. The phrase Conflicts between the commander in chief and Congress (2008) written by Jules Lobel focuses on the Bush administration, and how the president took his powers of commander in chief too far. According to the article the administration ignores or greatly minimizes Congresss Constitutional Powers to declare War (2008, p. 391). This is a prime indicator that the president is gaining too much power. Another article, CONGRESSIONAL WAR POWERS, THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF AND SENATOR JOHN MCCAIN, (2008) written by Jeremy L. Bowling, Richard D. Caldwell, Ryan C.Hendrickson, and John S. Morris, focuses on how the system of separation of powers was supposed to divide the powers of the government equally, but describes how the president has used his unilateral powers too much. The article withal focuses on John McCains views about using and restricting the powers of commander in chief. Another article that focuses on the executive powers of the president is Controlling Executive Power in the War on Terrorism written by Mark Tushnet (2005). This article analyzes what the governments response is to outbreaks of war. It describes how Congress and the president interact with bingle another during times of crisis to decide what should be done.It elaborates on the difficult struggle that the government faces during these times. Usually the president has final say of wha t to do during these times. Another article that focuses on a different way the president can gain too much power is The Most Dangerous appendage Executive Power to Say What the Law Is written by Michael Stokes Paulsen (1994). This article goes into depth about just how much power the president has compared to the other branches of government. One of the main points it asserts is that the president has the power to interpret the law before executing it which can play a big role in how the country is ran.Discussion Our countrys Constitution was arranged in a way, and developed over the years to make sure that no branch of government would become more decent than the others. It has been amended and changed throughout history so that it can adapt to the way that citizens views change. Although the Constitution is written in ink it does not mean that there is one way of interpreting the meanings of laws and amendments. The constitution grants Executive Power to the President but there are alsopowers called the inherent powers which are other powers guaranteed to the President, including conducting foreign policy, making treaties, using executive privilege which is used to keep diplomatic and military secrets private. These powers can be very dangerous because they can be taken advantage of, and interpreted in a way that can give the president the upper hand over the two other branches of government.Michael Paulsen describes why the Executive Branch of government is the to the highest degree dangerous by stating The executive possesses Force, Will, and Judgment the power to interpret the law. He has the sole duty and prerogative to direct and control the musical mode in which the laws are executed (1994, p. 219). If a person gets elected to president who is selfish or does not have good morals then these powers could fix to be very harmful to the nations well-being. There have been several instances in our nations history where the President has acted not in t he best interest of the nation, but in the best interest of themselves and his supporters. This builds mistrust in citizens about the government, and makes them question whether they actually have as much warp in the government that is promised to them by the Constitution.A power that has been abused recently, and interpreted in a certain way that makes it easy to be in party favor of the president is the power of commander in chief. The president is not able to declare war officially but he can sure be one of the causes for it. Even if the majority of the country feels that war should be avoided the president shut up has the power to send troops over to foreign nations if there is a threat to the national security of the country. The president then has to prove why their decision to send troops to foreign nations is justified. Even if citizens do not scoff with him, as long as he proves that he is trying to protect the nation, he is able to engage in the conflict. One of the mos t recent displays of victorious advantage of executive power is when the Bush administration sent troops to Afghanistan to fight the War on Terror.President Bush had told the citizens of the United states that there was scruple that Afghanistan had weapons of mass destruction which justified him to send troops to check out the situation. According to Jules Lobel in the article Conflicts between the Commander in Chief and Congress President Bush had the right to not only regulate and direct troops but also hold enemy combatants against their willfor interrogation (2008, p.392). This was a nice way of letting citizens know that the Bush administration was willing to do anything, even torture to retrieve information from individuals who they suspected knew something.The administration also felt that it was incumbent to begin wiretapping peoples phones in order to protect citizens. This outraged a lot of citizens that felt like their privacy was being violated, and the government was over stepping its boundaries. It is true that during times of war or conflict the president has the power as commander in chief to take necessary actions in order to keep the country safe, but in some circumstances that power is over used and can almost become an excuse to carry out laws and regulations without the approval of congress. This power has proven that there needs to be some limitations on what the president can or can not do during times of conflict.Another power which has shown throughout history to be abused by the president is executive privilege. This is the ability for the president to withhold information that they feel is necessary to keep secret for the good of the public. This is a useful tool to the president and it can be used to keep the public from panicking in times of crises, and also to protect citizens from criminals who are try to receive information. It can also be used to prevent legislative oversight on foreign policy, so that the president can coop erate with other nations as he pleases. It is necessary to justify the use of executive privilege, and there have been several circumstances where there was no proof to develop the action. The most controversial issue in our Nations history is when President Nixon attempted to use executive privilege to repair up the Watergate scandal.He tried to withhold information from congress to protect him, as well as his constituents from get in trouble. He could not explain the need for secrecy of the situation. Mark Rozell explains in his book executive privilege that confidentiality was the vehicle for the cover-up of the criminal acts and conspiracies by his aides (2002, p.53). It also explains in the book how Nixon attempted to expand executive privilege to all executive branch officials (2002, p.65). If this were to happen then the executive branch would without a doubt become the most powerful branch of government because they could use executive privilege to trump almostanything. T he Watergate scandal had truly made citizens question the reliability and honesty of the federal government. This was the first time in American History where the president attempted to cheat the system solely for his own benefit. The disapproval rating of the national government at the time directly after the scandal had dropped dramatically, and legislators began to think how to limit executive powers of the president, but would not be able to affectively come up with a solution. The Clinton administration also refused to release to congressional investigators that the White House deemed subject to executive privilege(Rozel 2002,p. 124).He was trying to cover up his personal personal business so that he would not look bad in the nations eyes, and although the court claimed that this use of executive privilege was improper, and he was impeached, he still remained to be in office. The power to interpret the power of executive privilege has simply gotten out of hand and there are s ome individuals who believe the power to interpret the law, including the Constitution, is like any other power too important to vest in a single set of hands (Paulsen 1994, p. 222). This is a power of the government that continues to be abused by the president and congress has tried to figure out a way to control this power, but has remained unsuccessful. Citizens may inquire why the other two branches are hesitant about limiting the presidents power to use executive privilege. One of the reasons is because as Lobel states The constitutional carry on with congressional interference with the Presidents Commander in Chief power over warfare typically focuses on detailed congressional micromanagement of the conduct of war (2008, p. 401).It is an issue to take away the executive power of the president especially as commander in chief, because although congress might make a more affective decision to a situation in times of crises, the time it would take for senators and house represe ntatives to agree on what to do would be too costly and timely that it would hardly be effective. Congress is just too big to come to a fast conclusion that the majority agrees upon. There have been several presidents, including Franklin Delanore Roosevelt, who used executive power to change policy that actually made a positive difference in society. Roosevelt portrayed his use of executive power when he made the New Deal.The executive power is an important factor in the political process but Its primary c one timern is what Professors Bradley and Goldsmith call ExecutiveBranch unilateralism, a fear that Presidents acting on their own might make unsound decisions, engaging in too much (or too little) military action, intruding on liberties too much (or too little)(Tushnet, 2005, p. 2674). Presidents have a lot of power, and they can choose to make decisions that are for the well-being of our country, but the decisions that they make on their own needs to be limited so that they do n ot make a decision that is unconstitutional or morally wrong.There have been many instances in our nations history where presidents have abused their power to implement their views on policer war, or to protect themselves. Some presidents have used their executive power to change America for the better, but recently this power is interpreted in such ways that can make the president more powerful than the other branches of government, especially during times of war or when there is a conflict on policy. Citizens should be able to decide whether the country should go to war or not, instead of outing that extremely dangerous power into the hands of one man.Yes it is true citizens elect the president but they can not tell how they are going to act once in office. Presidents use strategies to get elected so that once they are in office they can do what they actually believe should be done. There have been several attempted scandals and cover-ups from former presidents to keep them from g etting in trouble and the executive power still remains to be misused. The president is the leader of the nation, and should act on behalf of all people, not just on behalf of himself and his constituents. The powers of the president need to be limited even more especially during times of crisis, so that there is not too much power placed in one pair of hands, and so that the views of all citizens can be heard.

Nature of Morality Essay

A Russian born Ameri can buoy science-fiction writer and biochemist once quoted, Never let your sense of morals pop off in the way of doing whats pay off. This statement generates a series of controversial questions. What is undecomposed? How do morals affect people and society in which we alive(p)? Does everyone arouse specific morals by which they try to live their life? How does psyche realize what their morals ar? What are morals? These questions can non be truthfully answered because everyone has their own definition of what is right and what is wrong and how one should live their life.My definition of morality is the concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong, which can be seen through someones actions based on their ethical principles. That is, if someone lives their life based on their morals. Morality plays an important spot in your life and the lives of others whether or not you live with it or not. Philosophers John Stuart Mill and Immanu el Kant guide twain very different views when it comes to the nature of morality. Kantianism and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the moral nature of human beings.Immanuel Kants moral system is based on a belief that reason is the final federal agency for morality. John Stuart Mills moral system is based on the theory known as utilitarianism, which is based upon utility, or doing what produces the greatest delight. Perhaps most(prenominal) importantly, they are looking for morality in solely different smudges. For Kant, an action is good or not based on intentions. If you shoot at someone with a gun and try to kill them, but miss and instead the bullet grazes off a piece of skin that was about to host a malignant and lethal tumor, you are still a villain and not a hero.Though this sounds like a ridiculous good example, the point is that no mortal can completely control all the variables that are around him Kant thought that nobody should be blamed for randomness. Mill, on the other hand, was of a much to a greater extent experimental bent. None of us can ever know what another persons intentions are, so he thought that the altogether practical place to look for morality is in results. To him, a well-intentioned bumbler who ruined anything he came in contact with was no better than a malicious various(prenominal) who caused the exact same chaos. Its the results that matter.Another emphasis of utilitarian philosophy is another major difference between them. To a utilitarian like Mills, the born(p) objective that people should shoot for was their own happiness. Happiness, he argued, was something every person understands a goal that he can see and work toward, unlike the umpteen other things that some philosophies pursue. Kants categorical pressing hardly seems to be concerned with happiness at all. To him, ethics was a universal joint thing individually act is good or it is not who does it is as irrelevant and whether it is enjoyable.Instead of pleasure, the metrics for Kant are the greater good and universality. One statement of his categorical exacting might be, is the world a better place (greater good) if everybody did this all the time (universality). You can see that from these two differences alone we can very easily lay off up in completely different places. With Mill, we have to think around our actions since the outcome is whats important, it is often better not to try if we might fail. With Kant, we have to think about everyone else since universality is important, no exceptions to the moral code are generally permitted in any circumstance.Lets look at an example testing both arguments. The deontologist position is somewhat a little to a greater extent complicated than the consequentionalist position. Kant believes in a theory of categorical imperatives. A categorical imperative would denote an absolute, unconditional requirement that exerts its authority in all circumstances, and is both required and justified as an eat up in itself. Kant bases his decision making on a universal maxim, something that does not qualify as an end in itself. The act itself must have moral content if it is carried out solely with catch to a sense of moral employment.Imagine Nazi Germany for a moment. Imagine the Gustapo searching German quarters for violations against the protecting Jews, in a time when they were banished to ducking camps. Imagine the Gustapo coming to a house where Jews were living and questioned the Jews if they were in fact Jews or German citizens. Kant would argue that it is wrong to rob yourself of the moral duty of the universal maxim and pretend that you are in fact German. Basically, the result of the decision, by Kantian logic would be that these people are to be whisked away to concentration camps.But it is of no dilemma for Kant. You have maintained a sense of moral obligation to adhere to the categorical imperative of truth and reason. Kant concluded th at the anticipate consequences of an act are themselves morally neutral, and therefore irrelevant to moral deliberation. The only objective basis for moral value would be the rationality of the Good Will, evince in recognition of moral duty. The consequentionalist position is in fact very simple. Its maxim, under the doctrine of utilitarianism, is to achieve the greatest count of good for the greatest amount of people.To Mill, no matter how cruel of the actual act that is involved, no matter what extent of grotesque and dirty nature of the act, that as long as the end result is better for more people than the act is inherently justified. To Mill, the universal maxim was happiness. He believed the intrinsic moral value of life was for everyone to attain happiness and pleasure. In the same exact situation described above, Mill would have no problem lying to the Gustapo for a greater amount of happiness for military man (i. e the Jews).It doesnt matter that they abandoned a sense o f moral duty, the bottom line to Mill is that they achieved what human nature should always be in search of the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. By using this example, many people see that they would never adhere to Kantian logic it seems ridiculous and in fact morally obtrusive itself. However lets take another example where one may completely agree with Kant, based on the same principles. Imagine the entire city of dough has received word that the water system is completely diluted with bacterium and soon a plague develops amongst the entire cityas it spreads through airborne.Now imagine if you will, for sake of the hypothetical point, that the government was able to contain Chicago in a large dome so to stop the spread of the immediate effects of the epidemic to other parts of the world. Yet, many people are talking about revolting against the government dome and roaming outside, because they are in fact not infected yet. Lets also pretend that the onl y way to stop the spread of the disease is to eliminate all citizens in Chicago by means of smart missiles. The question then becomesIs it morally right to kill every citizen in Chicago for the benefit of the world? In Mills eyes, yes, more happiness for the entire world is better than more suffering for the entire world. Hence, he would bomb Chicago so the world is saved. Yet in Kants eyes, the act itself is so repulsive that it goes against the moral duty and maxim of society to actually destroy massive amounts of human life to save more people. The ends to Kant are of no regard. It is the act in which is against his categorical imperatives. comparability these two philosophers, it is hard to choose who I agree with more.When it comes down to it, it becomes a question of the ends or the means. A Utilitarian aspect could be more clutch for one situation while a Kantian perspective might be better for another. In the system of Utilitarianism, the ends justify the means, and action s are judged on the results, not on the intentions or motives. For Kant, the end results were not important in determining whether an action was just or not. Motive was everything to him, and he had very strict views on how to judge the morality of an action. In society these days, Utilitarianism is the name of the game.The basic philosophy of Utilitarianism, the idea of the greatest good for the greatest amount, is one of the basic building blocks of the participatory system. If a person lives on the principles of Utilitarianism, they disregard the motives involved in an action. Utilitarians try to separate the action from the actor, and look at the bigger delineation over the individual. Followers of Kant (among others) disagree with this approach, and claim that in this system, minorities and individuals are often overlooked and brushed aside. Kant argues that any action cannot be moral unless the motives are moral.For distributively of these philosophies, the question of livi ng the good life is an intricate part of the belief system. For the Utilitarians, living a life that benefited as many people as possible, in essence, a life that caused the greatest widespread good results would be considered a life of virtue. For Kant, the only moral action is one that is done solo because of obligation. After researching both of these views, I would have to say I agree more with the Mills utilitarianism theory. I am a people pleaser, I like to see the happiness in people. I like doing things that will result in the greatest happiness.Here are a couple reasons why I agree. First, it links happiness with morality, instead of possibly pitting happiness against morality (such as Kants view). We think it makes sense with common beliefs about morality. For instance, in general, it backs up murders being wrong, lying, rights. So Utilitarianism gives us a system to our intuitions. Second, everyone agrees that pain is bad and pleasure is good. Everything being equal, tho ugh people have many different and conflicting moral beliefs, people agree that pain is bad, and pleasure is good. Third, Utilitarianism requires us to balance our interests with those of others.Fourth, Utilitarianism doesnt rely on vague intuitions or abstract principles. It allows psychologists and sociologists to determine what makes people happy and which policies promote the social good. And lastly, utilitarianism does not rigidly label actions as absolutely right or wrong and it allows tractability and sensitivity to the circumstances surrounding an action. This makes it practical. Act Utilitarianism is sensitive to the situation, but Rule Utilitarianism can be as well, as long as one can provide a rule that maximizes happiness in general, which also applies to this situation.

African creation myths Essay

1. Perhaps the answer that would best suit the question why lifetime is so hard and then you die is how expiry is portrayed in these stories. There is suffering and hardship in ones life because of disobedience of the hardships and commands of his idols. remnant ultimately becomes the only salvation after so much hardship. Had the living things and man obeyed the orders of their god, death would not have overcome these lives. In the humbug of the ingraft of Life, the second wife, in her jealousy of not being considered by her husband despite the death of the first wife decided that in order to closure her suffering must kill the plant that has taken the time and affection that would have been hers. Hence, ultimately, it is no wonder that in the end, the wife bears the consequent death of completely living things.2. Basically these African myths hold women in the same way that women are being viewed today. Women are seen as being responsible for the ills that happened to socie ty and life in general. For example, in the story of the Plant of Life, the second wife was blamed for being the source of death when she saw the plant and was jealous and cut it put down with a hoe. (Plant of Life). Such story shows how of little value women are because if the god did not play favourites among his wives, the story would not have ended that way. As a whole, women are viewed as being the cause of tragedies.3. This myth basically starts stunned as a story of creation of the world and its five elements. However, as the story intertwined itself it became a story not of creation but of destruction as each element became defeated by the other until at last Doondari, the god who created these things came down to earth and became the eternal one. A very good point of interest here is how the story incorporated the attributes of men like sleep, blindness, worry and death and how these attributes became defeated when all of them became proud. It would seem that the writer w anted to emphasize that pride became the reason for the fall of its attributes and in the end, it was the god who has to put everything in its place.4. One elicit thing about this myth is how Shida Matunda got afraid when the jealous wife killed the plant which what became of his favorite wife when she died. He is a god and yet he had no hold over life when in fact, he created the world and its living things. It would seem that as a god, he too depended on higher beings than himself and that he attributes life on these beings such as the plant which became the plant of life.5. Between the myth of the Disobedience of Man and the story of creation in Genesis, one special K factor emerges as to why one man disobeyed his Creator. In this African myth, the root of the disobedience is the woman who failed to follow the orders of her god not to till the dent for food while in Genesis, Eve did not take heed in Gods warning not to eat the Forbidden payoff lest they will be punished. Henc e, when they disobeyed the order of their gods, they were punished the first beings in this African myth were sent with Death while Adam and Eve were banished out of the promised land that God created for them.6. Indeed there is a great similarity between the myth Revolt Against God and the great Flood in Genesis although the elbow room of wiping out the face of the earth vastly differs with the recital in Genesis. In the myth of the Revolt against God, the gods wiped out the earth through fire whereas in the version of Genesis, the world was wiped out by the Great Flood. Perhaps the reason why there is a similarity between the two stories is because we all came from the same roots. scantily like in the religions of Christianity and Islam that traces its roots to Abraham, these stories of cleansing the earth may have also come from one original source and just branched out after generations of passing it.7. The gods in these African myths are not at all like gods but rather seem ed like counterparts of men. Although they have created the world, the living things and men, they neer ceased to be like human beings who still feel the emotions of human beings or maybe they are simply reflections of the image and likeness of the beings they have created. However, these African gods lam to be fickle-minded sometimes and would do whatever they feel like doing at the heat of the moment and that analyzing these myths, one can surmise that they are just utilisation their power over their creations.

Alison Gopnik’s Kiddy Thinks: Analysis

Kiddy Thinks illustrates the significance of parental involvement in a young childs life and the world power children(clarify) commit to build(use infinitive) rational thoughts of how their parents view and do things in the world. Coping(use last name) reveals (omit) a new way of looking at early childhood growth. (comma splice) She explains(signal verb) that young children from newborns to four-year-olds have a very complex process of thinking and go by experiments and theories to figure out what is rational and what is not.This is a generally fair introduction, but you dont bound her thesis. You also want to look up how to correct a comma splice. ) This narrative essay covers the 3 new elements of evidence which have been found by means of research about the early psychological development of young children. First, the things the child already knows from the point they are born. Secondly, the rapid ability a child has to learn. Thirdly, the component part a parent has in the psychological development of the child.Allison discusses that a newborn is capable of imitating another as early as being 42 legal proceeding old (Coping 238), and by the time the child is nine months old, they are able to detect emotion. While younger children like to observe, two year-olds will begin to explore, and the more(prenominal) something is forbidden from a child the more they will want it. By the time children are 36 months old, they start to learn very quickly through observing the behavior and reactions their parents have to certain objects and alter their own views based on the views of the parents.

Education in the Twisted Military School

Not many of the boys who enter the Carolina Military Institute as freshmen leave the school as graduates. Set in South Carolina, this is a story seen through the eyes of Will McLean, a sensitive, yet rebellious teenage boy, who aspires to be an institiute man. He is an intelligent, honest, sarcastic and incredibly funny Irish, working class youth who doesnt hide from the truth or his fears. Secondary characters Dante Pignetti, Mark Santoro, and Tradd St. Croix, deduct into Wills life as he studies at the institute. Tradd is a fragile young man who chooses phalanx training to please his father.He is sensitive, loyal, and caring. Pig and Mark ar the big men of the group. Will considers them his protectors because of their size and sense of loyality. 0n the surface, the institute apppears to be just another military school engaged in training okay southern men to defend the country during the Vietnam War. But behind the clean walls of the school and the stern faces of the upperclas smen is a horrifying secret. The Lords Of Dicipline is a book about intravenous feeding young men, Will, Pig, Mark and Tradd, who are trying to recieve an education in this twisted military school.Its a school where the system rules instead of the teachers. The system is run by upperclassmen, obsessed with upholding the schools reputation for turning out the finest men the country has to offer to the war. Will watches as the boys in his class are dismantled and reassembled to become military men. He watches as boys are tortured because of their differences, as they are run out of the school, and even as they are driven to the threshold of sucide. The instutite seems to change everyone who remains there. It seems to harden them, to turn them into the very men they feared as freshmen.Will fears that he too will be corrupt by the brutality that surrounds him. When Will, Tradd, Pig, and Mark trace that there is a secret oragnization called The Ten that upholds and enforces The system Will becomes determined to expose them and bring to justice the students who were their victims. The Lords of Discipline is a wonderfully chilling and virtual(prenominal) book with believable characters and a great story line. It strtesses the fact that one way of thinking isnt always the right way and if you feel that something is wrong, you should stand up for what you believe in. I really liked this book and I reccomend it to everyone.

Policeman of the World Essay

Since gaining independence from the British in 1776, the get together States contrary insurance polity over the years has gone from expansionist to isolationism to argue democracy. With the responsibility of defending democratic rights for those who cannot defend themselves, the United States in my opinion has taken on the character reference of policeman of the field. This role became more evident with the use of U.S. military force in international incidents deal U.S. intervention in the 2011 Libyan Civil contend to oust Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and U.S. involvement in the 2011 Yemeni Civil War protesting the leaders of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh. Despite the United States being hailed as a defender of democracy by some, their actions are usually not selfless. In some(prenominal) situations protect United States interests was a major factor.Both Libya and Yemen are hot beds for terrorist activity by radical groups kindred al-Qaeda. The United States keeps tabs on the activities of these groups in an effort to intercept information to thwart acts of terrorism, particularly against Americans. Leadership in these vulnerable countries is of great interest to the United States because some regimes are sympathetic to these militant groups. A privation of clear leadership in these countries also poses a threat to U.S. interests because a lapse in leadership can lead to militant groups seizing control. Three aspects of U.S. history since 1865 that led to the USs coat as a world super power policeman are religious and moral views, geopolitical reasons, and financial reasons. First, American missionaries believed that it was their duty to spread Christianity to the uncivilized areas of the world. Second, European nations were effectively dividing the resource rich areas of the world between them and were profiting greatly from these regions.The U.S. felt that it too could profit from these acquisitions both financially and strategically. Th ird, the advent of the industrial get along with led to the accumulation of wealth for many business leaders in America. These businessmen saw the authority of further economic expansion by having accessto overseas markets and materials. Three international incidents from the past quint years that can be traced back to a foreign policy created after the Civil War are Vietnam, Somalia, and Iraq. The Vietnam War began in 1955 and was fought between communist North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The regime of North Vietnam and its associate known as the Viet Cong were put forwarded by the Russian government while South Vietnams primeval ally was the United States. In 1991 the President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre was overthrown and this led to the beginning of a civil war.During this time various(a) militias vied for control of the country. This marked a period of intense violence and fighting which eventually required both United Nations Peacekeeping forces and U.S. military invo lvement. The Iraqi war of 2003 started after Iraq claimed to possess weapons of mass destruction. Under the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, some segments of the Iraqi population prospered while others were threatened with violence, tortured, and killed. Under Saddam Husseins regime, Iraq developed chemical weapons that were used against its enemies and even its own people. Three driving forces that fueled international policy decisions involving the international incidents with Vietnam, Somalia, and Iraq were containing communism, providing United Nations aid, and protecting the United States from threats abroad.In Vietnam, the United States was afraid communism would spread somewhat the world, undermining capitalism. Stopping North Vietnam from spreading its communist regime to South Vietnam was seen as necessary particularly during the nippy War battle with the Soviet Union. During the Somali Civil War the suffering of the people was broadcast ecumenical and there was public o utcry for aid to the country. In Somalia, the United States mission was first and foremost to support the United Nations relief effort to provide aid to millions of starving Somali people. The United States entered Iraq to remove Weapons of flock Destruction which were believed to have been developed under Iraqs dictator Saddam Hussein who all except proclaimed he possessed these weapons. These weapons posed a threat to the United States and its allies and after 9/11 the United States had implemented a policy of protecting itself from any current or intelligible future threats.In the two hundred plus years since establishing its independence, the United States has adopted various attitudes towards foreign policy. Immediately after obtaining independence from GreatBritain, this fairly new nation focused on issues on the home front. After the devastation of the Civil War, the country welcomed the Industrial Revolution with open arms. The advances in engineering and transportation du ring the Industrial Revolution led to great improvements in American society and established the United States as a world power. Most Americans believed it was their duty to civilize the world. Although the United States had moral reasons for expansion, their foreign policy was mostly fueled by self-interest. This self-interest dictated foreign policy from 1867 all the way to the pass day.ReferencesDilanian, K., & Cloud, D. (2012, May 16). U.S. escalates clandestine war in Yemen. In LosAngeles Times. Retrieved February 23, 2014, fromhttp//latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/05/washington-escalation-american- clandestine-war-yemen-us-troops-.htmlDwyer, D. (2011, August 22). US military intervention in Libya cost at least $896 million. In abc News. Retrieved February 23, 2014, from http//abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/08/us-military-intervention-in-libya-cost-at-least-896-million/ Schultz, K. M. (2014). HIST Volume 2 U.S. history since 1865 (3rd ed.). Mason, OH Cengage Learni ng.Vietnam war. (n.d.). In History. Retrieved February 23, 2014, from http//www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war